The Wnt signal transduction pathway was named after the wingless gene, the Drosophila homologous gene of the first mammalian Wnt gene characterized, int-1, was discovered by Roeland Nusse and Harol Varmus in 1982. The first Secreted Wnt ligands have been shown to activate signal transduction pathways and trigger changes in gene expression, cell behavior, adhesion, and polarity. In mammalian species, Wnt proteins comprise a family of 19 highly conserved signaling molecules. Wnt signaling has been described in at least three pathways, with the best-understood canon- ical pathway, in which Wnt ligands bind to two distinct families of cell surface receptors, the Frizzled (Fz) receptor family and the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) family, and activate target genes through stabilization of β-catenin in the nucleus.
Wnt proteins can also signal by activating calmodulin kinase II and protein kinase C (known as the Wnt/Ca 2
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